Reading the section on pruning espaliers (plus the Plant Response to Pruning) gave me an "Aha" moment. While most espalier pruning articles I had read offered only advice on shaping and where to cut, he explained the reasoning behind the type of cuts one makes, why the tree reacts the way it does, and some of the issues to look out for. He writes in a style that is easy to understand. I have two espaliers (cherry and apple) that I left alone all summer because I was intimidated by the lack of knowledge I had at the time. Not anymore! Well, sadly it's getting to be too late to make the pruning cuts needed, but this winter I will start in earnest to make these trees beautiful and (hopefully) full of fruit next year!